|
Malcolm X Liberation University (or MXLU) was an experimental educational institution inspired by the Black Power and Pan-Africanist movements and located in Durham and Greensboro, North Carolina. Howard Fuller (also known as Owusu Sadaukai), Bertie Howard, and several other African American activists in North Carolina founded the school in response to the 1969 Allen Building Takeover on Duke University's campus.〔Fuller interview〕 It operated from October 25, 1969 to June 28, 1973. One of the main reasons the school closed was that political conflicts damaged the school's reputation, making it more difficult to acquire funding.〔Belvin, 2004〕 Due to financial setbacks, the school operated for only three years.〔Belvin, 2004〕 == Origins == The Black Power Movement shaped the political climate for the Allen Building Takeover, which led to the creation of MXLU.〔Benson, 2010, p. 1〕 The movement inspired the formation of Duke University's Afro-American Society (or AAS). Many Black Power activists in the American South adopted the separatist ideologies of Malcolm X.〔Benson, 2010, p. 1〕 Before the Nation of Islam allegedly assassinated him in 1965, Malcolm X lent credence to militant tactics, leading to a movement for racial equality through any means necessary, including violence and self-defense.〔Benson, 2010, p. 71〕 In early 1969, the AAS issued a set of over ten demands for the university's administration, most of which reflected the black students' dissatisfaction with the inadequacy of civil rights on campus.〔Benson, 2010, p. 110〕 The organization negotiated at first with the university's president, Dr. Douglas Knight, who reluctantly agreed to consider the implementation of an Afro-American Studies program.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 27-28〕 President Knight was away on a trip to procure funds for a black studies program, one of the "Black Demands", but the AAS grew impatient and decided to stage a protest.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 28〕 On the morning of February 13, 1969, the AAS organized an occupation of the Allen Building, the location of all the records of previous students.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 28〕 Knight refused to comply with some of the demands, and he issued an ultimatum to the black student protesters: the school would call the police if they did not leave.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 29〕 They countered by threatening to burn the university's records if police were to arrive.〔Benson, 2010, p. 100〕 Later that day, a large group of white students who sympathized with the occupants congregated outside the building, so Duke called the police. The police tried to evacuate the building with tear gas, and a riot ensued. The occupants acquiesced to the administration's demands for fear of expulsion, and eventually, a trial placed forty-eight of them on probation.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 48〕 The protest revealed to the black community that the administration was not sympathetic enough to its demands. After the Allen Building Takeover, some civil rights activists in Durham believed that Duke's administration did not satisfactorily address the demands of its black students, especially regarding the integration of "Afro-American studies" into its curriculum.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 33〕 One of these activists, Howard Fuller, conceived of building an alternative school for primarily African studies whose administration and student body would be predominantly black. He was able to do this by working with The Foundation for Community Development, and its executive director, Nathan T. Garrett. He listed a fifteen-member board of trustees, which included Bertie Howard, Sandra Philpot and Timothy Harris, in the charter. They were all residents of Durham.〔Benson, 2010, p. 183〕 Donations allowed Howard Fuller to begin building MXLU. James Forman, the spokesman of the Black Economic Development Conference (or BEDC), wrote a document called the "Black Manifesto" demanding reparations from whites for certain projects benefiting the black community, including black universities. The BEDC published it, asking for $500 million from white churches and synagogues.〔"Black Manifesto", Archives of the Episcopal Church〕 In accord with the "Black Manifesto", the diocese of the North Carolina Episcopal Church gave Fuller $45,000, and several anonymous sources donated smaller amounts of money.〔Anderson, 2011, p. 374〕 However, the donation was an outrage to some white members of the church, and the resulting controversy made further donations unlikely. The school had only $12,000 left by November 15, so Fuller sought other sources of revenue. He set up fundraising campaigns in major American cities: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Detroit, Houston, Washington D.C., New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Atlanta.〔Anderson, 2011, p. 75〕 However, he could not extend the school's budget beyond $82,000, the total amount of donations he received.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 75〕 The tuition for MXLU was $300 per year, and financial aid was available, but the school expected students who could pay more to pay more.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 47〕 Admissions staff interviewed applicants, and about fifty students enrolled. Most of them were political activists in their previous schools who were expelled for their involvement in protests.〔Hopkins, 1970〕 The school held its opening ceremony on October 25, 1969, and classes began two days after the inauguration.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 64〕 The administration formally named itself the "Council of Elders" soon after the school opened.〔Belvin, 2004, p. 48〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malcolm X Liberation University」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|